How Did The Eisenhower Administration's 'New Look' Nuclear Strategy, Which Emphasized The Threat Of Massive Retaliation, Influence The Negotiating Dynamics Of The Austrian State Treaty In 1955, And To What Extent Did Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's Perception Of This Strategy Shape His Decision To Sign The Treaty, Thereby Neutralizing Austria And Ending The Allied Occupation Of The Country?

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The Eisenhower administration's 'New Look' nuclear strategy significantly influenced the negotiations for the Austrian State Treaty of 1955 by fostering a cautious diplomatic environment. Here's a structured summary of the key points:

  1. Understanding the 'New Look' Strategy:

    • The 'New Look' emphasized nuclear deterrence through massive retaliation, reducing reliance on conventional forces. This strategy aimed to contain communism without costly military build-ups.

  2. Impact on Negotiations:

    • The strategy shifted US focus towards political solutions, making them more flexible in negotiations. The threat of nuclear escalation made both sides cautious, encouraging diplomatic resolution over military posturing.

  3. Soviet Perception and Khrushchev's Decision:

    • Khrushchev likely perceived the 'New Look' as a credible deterrent, making the Soviets cautious about aggressive actions. Continuing the Austrian occupation seemed risky, potentially leading to larger conflict.
    • Neutralizing Austria provided a buffer zone, preventing it from joining NATO and reducing Cold War tensions.

  4. Timing and Context:

    • Introduced in 1953, the 'New Look' influenced Soviet perceptions by 1955. Post-Stalin, Khrushchev sought reduced tensions, coinciding with the US strategy's impact.

  5. Mutual Interests and Outcomes:

    • Both sides wanted to avoid strategic advantage to the other. Austria's neutrality satisfied both, ending occupation and establishing a buffer state.

  6. Conclusion:

    • The 'New Look' strategy, alongside broader Cold War dynamics, created an environment where diplomacy prevailed. Khrushchev's cautious approach, influenced by US nuclear deterrence, led to the treaty, neutralizing Austria and ending occupation.

This analysis highlights how military strategy and diplomatic efforts intertwined to shape the outcome of the Austrian State Treaty, reflecting the complex interplay of Cold War geopolitics.