What Are The Implications Of The Use Of The Šulmu Epithet In The Assyrian Royal Inscriptions Of Tiglath-Pileser III On Our Understanding Of The Evolution Of The Assyrian Concept Of Kingship During TheNeo-Assyrian Period, Particularly In Relation To The Role Of The Monarch As A Mediator Between The Divine And Human Realms?

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The use of the Šulmu epithet by Tiglath-Pileser III in his inscriptions holds significant implications for understanding the evolution of Assyrian kingship during the Neo-Assyrian period, particularly in highlighting the monarch's role as a mediator between the divine and human realms. Here's a structured analysis:

  1. Meaning and Context of Šulmu: The Šulmu epithet, translating to "peace" or "well-being," emphasizes prosperity and stability. In Tiglath-Pileser III's context, it underscores his role in maintaining divine order and ensuring the well-being of his people, suggesting a shift from mere military prowess to a more nuanced kingship.

  2. Divine Mandate and Mediation: Assyrian kings were seen as divinely appointed, tasked with maintaining balance between the divine and human worlds. Tiglath-Pileser III's use of Šulmu highlights his success in this mediation, presenting his military campaigns and administrative reforms as means to achieve divine favor and prosperity.

  3. Legitimization of Rule: By associating himself with Šulmu, Tiglath-Pileser III reinforces his divine right to rule. This epithet serves as propaganda, legitimizing his reign and presenting it as a golden age of stability and prosperity, crucial for unifying diverse populations and addressing potential challenges.

  4. Evolution of Kingship: The use of Šulmu reflects a broader evolution in Neo-Assyrian kingship, where the monarch's role expands beyond warfare to include administration, religious duties, and national identity. Tiglath-Pileser III's reign exemplifies this shift, portraying him as a wise ruler ensuring both military might and societal well-being.

  5. Religious and Administrative Reforms: The epithet aligns with Tiglath-Pileser III's reforms, including centralization of power and religious support. It underscores his role in religious duties, such as maintaining cults and temples, further cementing his position as a divine mediator.

In conclusion, the Šulmu epithet in Tiglath-Pileser III's inscriptions symbolizes the king's multifaceted role, emphasizing his divine mandate to ensure peace, prosperity, and stability. This reflects an evolution in Assyrian kingship, where the monarch is not only a warrior but also a mediator and provider, reinforcing his legitimacy and the connection between divine and human realms.