What Are The Subtle Differences In The Usage Of The Term 'vijnana' In The Yogacara School Of Mahayana Buddhism As Described In The Works Of Vasubandhu And Asanga, And How Do These Differences Reflect The Evolution Of The Concept Of Consciousness In Indian Philosophical Thought, Particularly In Relation To The Upanishadic Notion Of 'vijnana' As A Faculty Of Higher Knowledge?

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The concept of 'vijnana' in Yogacara Buddhism, as explored by Vasubandhu and Asanga, reveals a nuanced evolution from its Upanishadic roots, reflecting a deeper understanding of consciousness in Indian philosophy.

  1. Vasubandhu's Perspective:

    • Analytical Emphasis: Vasubandhu, known for works like the "Thirty Verses," approached vijnana with an analytical lens, breaking it down into types and processes. He emphasized the transformation of consciousness (vijnaptimatrata) and the concept of alaya-vijnana (storehouse consciousness), which stores karmic seeds and is the substrate for all experience.
    • Influence of Abhidharma: His approach was influenced by earlier Abhidharma, which categorized consciousness into various types, highlighting vijnana's role in constructing reality.

  2. Asanga's Perspective:

    • Systematic Path: Asanga, in texts like the "Mahayanasutralamkara," presented a more systematic and comprehensive view. He focused on vijnana within the context of the path to enlightenment, integrating it with Mahayana ideals.
    • Purification Process: Asanga discussed vijnana's evolution from a defiled to a purified state, outlining stages through which consciousness transforms to achieve Buddhahood.

  3. Upanishadic Roots:

    • Higher Knowledge (Jnana): In the Upanishads, vijnana refers to a higher, intuitive knowledge (para vidya) that allows realization of ultimate reality (Brahman/Atman), distinct from ordinary consciousness.

  4. Evolution in Indian Thought:

    • From Static to Dynamic: The Upanishads viewed vijnana as a static tool for liberation. Yogacara expanded this, seeing consciousness as both the fabric of reality and the means to transcend suffering. This shift reflects a progression from higher knowledge to understanding consciousness's constructive role.
    • Broader Philosophical Trends: The evolution from Upanishadic vijnana to Yogacara's dynamic consciousness mirrors broader trends in Indian philosophy, emphasizing the transformative potential of consciousness.

In summary, Vasubandhu's analytical focus on vijnana's structure contrasts with Asanga's emphasis on its transformative journey. This evolution from Upanishadic higher knowledge to Yogacara's constructed reality highlights consciousness's central role in both creating and transcending suffering, illustrating a deepening philosophical understanding.