What Are The Optimal Planting Densities And Species Compositions Of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation In Restored Wetlands Along The Gulf Coast That Would Provide Suitable Foraging Conditions For Spring-migrating American Golden-Plovers, Given The Projected Changes In Water Temperature And Salinity Patterns Under A Warming Climate Scenario?

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To determine the optimal planting densities and species compositions of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in restored Gulf Coast wetlands for American Golden-Plovers, considering climate change impacts, the following approach is proposed:

Key Considerations:

  1. Habitat Needs of American Golden-Plovers:

    • These birds rely on wetlands for foraging during migration, primarily feeding on small invertebrates that inhabit SAV. Thus, SAV must support a robust invertebrate population.

  2. Gulf Coast Wetland Characteristics:

    • Typically shallow and brackish, with salinity varying due to factors like rainfall and tidal movements. Climate change may alter these conditions through rising temperatures and sea-level rise.

  3. SAV Species Selection:

    • Choose species tolerant to varying salinity and temperature, such as Ruppia maritima and Zostera spp., to enhance resilience against climate-induced changes.

  4. Planting Density:

    • Optimal density is around 30-50% cover to balance invertebrate habitat provision and bird foraging access. Excessive density may hinder foraging, while too sparse may reduce invertebrate support.

  5. Climate Change Adaptations:

    • Anticipate increased salinity and warmer temperatures. Select SAV species with higher salinity tolerance and consider potential shifts in growing seasons.

  6. Hydrological Conditions:

    • Maintain shallow water with adequate light penetration and tidal flow to sustain SAV growth and invertebrate populations.

Recommendations:

  • Species Composition: Use a mix of Ruppia maritima, Zostera marina, and Halodule wrightii for diversity and resilience.
  • Planting Density: Aim for 30-50% cover to facilitate foraging while supporting invertebrates.
  • Hydrological Management: Ensure water depth and flow support SAV growth, maintaining shallow conditions with sufficient light.
  • Monitoring and Adaptation: Implement ongoing monitoring to assess SAV health and bird usage, adapting strategies as needed.

Conclusion:

Restoration should focus on SAV species tolerant to climate-driven changes, planted at optimal densities, and managed under suitable hydrological conditions. Continuous monitoring and adaptive management will ensure the habitat remains effective for American Golden-Plovers amidst climate change.